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Development of Analytical Model for Modular Tank Vehicle Carrying Liquid Cargo  [PDF]
M. Toumi, M. Bouazara, M. J. Richard
World Journal of Mechanics (WJM) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/wjm.2013.32010
Abstract:

The study of dynamics of tank vehicles carrying liquid fuel cargo is complex. The forces and moments due to liquid sloshing create serious problems related to the instability of tank vehicles. In this paper, a complete analytical model of a modular tank vehicle has been developed. The model included all the vehicle systems and subsystems. Simulation results obtained using this model was compared with those obtained using the popular TruckSim software. The comparison proved the validity of the assumptions used in the analytical model and showed a good correlation under single or double lane change and turning manoeuvers.

The Primary Radical of a Submodule  [PDF]
Lamis J. M. Abulebda
Advances in Pure Mathematics (APM) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/apm.2012.25049
Abstract: In this paper we introduced a definition for the primary radical of a submodule with some of its basic properties. We also define the P-radical submodule and review some results about it. We find a method to characterize the primary radical of a finitely generated submodule of a free module.
On Co-Primarily Packed Modules  [PDF]
Lamis J. M. Abulebda
Advances in Pure Mathematics (APM) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/apm.2015.54022
Abstract:

Let R be a commutative ring with 1, and M is a (left) R-module. We introduce the concept of coprimarily packed submodules as a proper submodule N of an R-module M which is said to be Coprimarily Packed Submodule. If \"\" where Na is a primary submodule of M for each \"\", then \"\" for some \"\". When there exists \"\" such that \"\"; N is called Strongly Coprimarily Packed submodule. In this paper, we list some basic properties of this concept. We end this paper by explaining the relations between p-compactly packed and coprimarily packed submodules, and also the relations

Understanding the Sociocultural Health Belief Model Influencing Health Behaviors among Saudi Stroke Survivors  [PDF]
Mohammed M. J. Alqahtani
Neuroscience & Medicine (NM) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/nm.2015.64023
Abstract: Understanding patients’ beliefs of stroke, especially that cultural model which influences the medical management, is important. Professionals normally hold medical knowledge only about stroke, rather than the patients’ perceptions, which leads to limitations in cultural competency. Little is known about Saudi stroke survivors’ beliefs and behaviors related to their strokes. Methods: A qualitative methodology was used to collect in-depth information from stroke survivors. From March 2010 to October 2014, 45 stroke survivors were recruited from outpatient rehabilitation clinic at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC-RH), during their follow-up treatments. Results: Thematic content analysis yielded four major themes of the causes of stroke: medical, cultural, psychological and environmental. Three major themes were determined regarding stroke interventions: medical, lifestyle and behavioral, as well as cultural interventions. Stroke is most likely to be associated with a wide range of cultural beliefs by stroke survivors, leading them to cultural behaviors and management. All of these cultural interventions were typically used as an adjunct rather than an alternative to medical care. Conclusions: Health professionals need to be aware that cultural beliefs and their management are common problems for stroke survivors undergoing rehabilitation in a hospital. This study could be one step forward to help health professionals become culturally competent when working with stroke survivors in a rehabilitation setting in Saudi Arabia.
A Brief Parametric Analysis of Catastrophic or Disastrous Hurricanes That Have Hit the Florida Keys between 1900 and 2000  [PDF]
J. M. D’Andrea
American Journal of Computational Mathematics (AJCM) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/ajcm.2018.81001
Abstract: The most intense and catastrophic hurricanes on record to hit the Florida Keys during 1900 to 1950 were in 1919, and 1935. From 1950 to 2000, the most intense hurricanes to hit or affect the Florida Keys were in 1960, 1965, and 1992. In this paper, we will present a brief parametric analysis of the hurricanes that have hit the Florida Keys in the last 100 years. This analysis will include the descriptive statistics, best fit probability distribution of the latitude of the catastrophic hurricanes and a confidence interval that detects the average latitude of hurricanes (category 3 or higher) which have hit the Florida Keys in the last 100 years.
Privacy Level in Private Community Pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: A Simulated Client Survey  [PDF]
Hani M. J. Khojah
Pharmacology & Pharmacy (PP) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/pp.2019.1010036
Abstract: Background: Maintaining privacy during patient counseling is critical, especially with respect to sensitive client issues. In general, community pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia is considered substandard in several aspects, particularly with respect to the privacy it offers to pharmacy clients. However, to date, maintenance of privacy in Saudi Arabian community pharmacies has not been studied using a practical, measurable method. Objective: This study investigates the level and quality of privacy offered by community pharmacies in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study randomly selected 80 pharmacies, which were visited by a simulated client and a simulated customer who were instructed to engage in a standard scenario. During each pharmacy visit, the simulated client asked the on-duty pharmacist about the correct use of a medication intended for a vaginal disease. The simulated customer pretended to look for a nonmedical product on the shelf nearest to where the client-pharmacist consultation took place and observed whether the conversation was audible. Further, privacy facilities and pharmacist behaviors were documented. Results: A designated consultation area was found in only one pharmacy; however, it was not used and not designed as separate from the pharmacist’s counter. Although a designated waiting area was found in the same pharmacy, it was located too close for privacy to be maintained. Other physical measures of privacy were unavailable in all the other pharmacies. Regarding the simulated client-pharmacist consultation, the conversation was audible to the simulated customer in 63% of the pharmacies. Further, in most of the visited pharmacies, there was only one pharmacist on duty. Finally, a female pharmacist was found in only one pharmacy. Conclusions: The study concludes that a critical insufficiency in privacy exists in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. It reveals that most pharmacies must be infrastructurally redesigned to provide acceptable privacy levels. Further, the number of on-duty pharmacists should be increased, and pharmacies should employ more female pharmacists.
Income Inequality in Mountain Areas: The Case of Agroforestry Farming Systems in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania  [PDF]
Reuben M. J. Kadigi
Open Journal of Forestry (OJF) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ojf.2021.113017
Abstract: Land degradation due to use of unsustainable agricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas rendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this case, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be developed in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would either rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little is known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain areas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants of income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the cross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, Gini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature of income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality were analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of analysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the main source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were decreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis showed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for farmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed households, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who were members of community-based financial institutions. Estimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household head. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender disparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future policies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood diversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made training and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers in mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and combat income poverty and inequality.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using GIS Method: A Case Study of Makotopong Village—Polokwane, South Africa  [PDF]
S. J. Tleane, J. M. Ndambuki
Journal of Water Resource and Protection (JWARP) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2020.1211059
Abstract: South Africa is a relatively dry country, with most rural areas experiencing high demand for water supply. Groundwater is one of the best alternative sources that can be used to augment the demand. However, this cannot sustainably be achieved unless accurate prediction of recharge to the groundwater aquifer is done. The objective of the study was to accurately estimate the groundwater recharge using ArcGIS method with a view of ensuring adequate groundwater for water supply exploitation. The study was conducted in Makotopong village in Polokwane. Data used in the study were sourced from diverse governmental agencies. Borehole logs were obtained from National Groundwater Archives. Geological and hydrogeological data were obtained from Council for Geoscience. All captured data were analysed to show the rainfall variations and estimation of groundwater recharge in different years. Groundwater recharge was estimated using ArcGIS 10.5. The simulated annual groundwater recharge varied from 0 mm to 51 mm with a mean recharge value of 12.04 mm/yr. The estimation of groundwater recharge using GIS methods resulted in a mean recharge value of 12.04 mm/year which shows a close comparison with previous studies conducted using Chlorine Mass Balance (CMB) and Water-Table Fluctuation (WTF). This implies that GIS is a potential tool that can be used to estimate groundwater recharge. It is recommended that GIS Method of estimating recharge be used in designing optimal sustainable groundwater supply systems.
Cytotoxicity Tests for Evaluating Medical Devices: An Alert for the Development of Biotechnology Health Products  [PDF]
M. N. P. Vidal, J. M. Granjeiro
Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering (JBiSE) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2017.109033
Abstract: The risks and damages related to the use of products, technologies and services of sanitary interest can be due to defects or manufacturing failures. Certain products already contain a certain degree of risk, which requires strict quality control in their production, distribution and use, as well as in the disposal of their waste in the environment. With continuous development in science and technology, medical devices must undergo intradermal irritation and testing for sensitization, cytotoxicity, and acute systemic toxicity. In health care, biotechnology aims to provide technology-based products or processes related to energy, food, and health, which are capable of stimulating new businesses, expanding exports, integrating the value chain and stimulating new demands for innovative products and processes, taking into account health policies. The present article was prepared by a bibliographical survey of the electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, and Bireme. Cell culture testing can be successfully employed, as it is reproducible, rapid, sensitive, and financially accessible for performing in vitro toxicity testing. Thus, it has been possible to optimize the development phase of new products by decreasing animal use or even replacing them in certain tests. Some in vitro assays validated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the area of health products have already replaced animal testing.
Mineral phosphate solubilization activity of gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus under P-limitation and plant root environment  [PDF]
J. M. Crespo, J. L. Boiardi, M. F. Luna
Agricultural Sciences (AS) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/as.2011.21003
Abstract: The ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic pho- sphate compounds by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus was studied using different cul-ture approaches. Qualitative plate assays using tricalcium phosphate as the sole P-source showed that G. diazotrophicus produced solu-bilization only when aldoses were used as the C-source. Extracellular aldose oxidation via a pyrroloquinoline quinone-linked glucose dehy-drogenase (PQQ-GDH) is the main pathway for glucose metabolism in G. diazotrophicus. In batch cultures with 5 g l-1 of hydroxyapatite as the P-source and glucose as the C-source, more than 98% of insoluble P was solubilized. No solubilization was observed neither using glyc-erol nor culturing a PQQ-GDH mutant of G. di-azotrophicus. Solubilizaton was not affected by adding 100 mmol l-1 of MES buffer. Continuous cultures of G. diazotrophicus showed significant activities of PQQ-GDH either under C or P limi-tation. An intense acidification in the root envi-ronment of tomato and wheat seedlings inocu-lated with a G. diazotrophicus PAL5 was ob-served. Seedlings inoculated with a PQQ-GDH mutant strain of G. diazotrophicus showed no acidification. Our results suggest that G. di-azotrophicus is an excellent candidate to be used as biofertilizer because in addition to the already described plant growth-promoting abili-ties of this organism, it shows a significant mineral phosphate solubilization capacity.
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